Investigating Hate in Schools Through a Community Lens

Antisemitic incidents in schools are a widespread and pervasive phenomenon. The Anti-Defamation League has reported a three-fold increase in school-based antisemitic incidences between 2015 and 2018, and a nearly two-fold increase in violent and non-violent incidences of antisemitism in general nationwide.

This project utilizes data from the ADL H.E.A.T. Map between 2016 and 2019 to identify incidents of antisemitism that specifically took place in schools. These incidents in schools are influenced by demographic, historical, social, and political factors. This project brings this data together to construct a community typology at the national level. This typology will provide insight into the ways that school-based incidents of hate are enacted and reported in context.

Developing a community typology will allow providers to better target specific demographic, historical, and political attributes of the communities in which these incidents occur through curriculum and learning experiences.

Incidents

1369

Dates

January 1, 2016 - December 31, 2019

Communities

577

Community Types

10

Cluster Diagram

Influence of Factors

Map of Incidents per State

Timeline of Incidents

What They’re About

Who Is Involved?

Data Sources

• ADL H.E.A.T. Map
• American Jewish Population Project
• The Berman Jewish Databank
• US Census Bureau QuickFacts
• Southern Poverty Law Center Hate Map
• Dave Leip’s Atlas of US Presidential Elections
• MIT Election Data + Science Lab County Presidential Election Returns
• The Jewish Federations of North America FedFinder
• Jewish Council for Public Affairs Local Agencies
• US Department of Agriculture Rural-Urban Continuum Codes (RUCC)
• US Housing and Urban Development Urbanization Perceptions Small Area Index (UPSAI)

Citation and Acknowledgments

Big Cities Title

Big Cities

Big Cities Overview

Big Cities are characterized primarily by high populations, high diversity levels, and relatively low median income. Big Cities are frequently the core communities for large metropolitan areas.

Some examples of Big Cities include Dallas, TX, Denver, CO, Orlando, FL, and Charlotte, NC.

Minneapolis, MN CC BY-SA 4.0

Big Cities Characteristics

States with Big Cities

Monthly Averages of Incidents in Big Cities

Kinds of Incidents in Big Cities

Involvement in Big Cities

Centers of Socioeconomic Inequality Title

Centers of Socioeconomic Inequality

Centers of Socioeconomic Inequality Overview

Centers of Socioeconomic Inequality are characterized by a rural character with a higher than average population and level of diversity along with a low median income. Centers of Socioeconomic Inequality are typically college towns, state capitals, and one-industry communities.

Some examples of Centers of Socioeconomic Inequality include Durham, NC, Daytona Beach, FL, Fort Collins, CO, and Boulder, CO.

Madison, WI CC BY-SA 4.0

Centers of Socioeconomic Inequality Characteristics

States with Centers of Socioeconomic Inequality

Monthly Averages of Incidents in Centers of Socioeconomic Inequality

Kinds of Incidents in Centers of Socioeconomic Inequality

Involvement in Centers of Socioeconomic Inequality

Diverse Small Cities Title

Diverse Small Cities

Diverse Small Cities

Diverse Small Cities are characterized by relatively high populations and high diversity levels. Diverse Small Cities can be situated within a large metropolitan area or stand alone outside of larger metropolitan areas.

Some examples of Diverse Small Cities include Thornton, CO, Highland Park, NJ, North Bergen, NJ, and South Pasadena, CA.

Quincy, MA CC BY-SA 4.0

Diverse Small Cities Characteristics

States with Diverse Small Cities

Monthly Averages of Incidents in Diverse Small Cities

Kinds of Incidents in Diverse Small Cities

Involvement in Diverse Small Cities

Diverse Suburban Jewish Centers Title

Diverse Suburban Jewish Centers

Diverse Suburban Jewish Centers

Diverse Suburban Jewish Centers are characterized by high levels of Jewish Infrastructure and high diversity levels. These centers are typically inner-suburbs, and are found entirely on the east coast.

Some examples of Diverse Suburban Jewish Centers include Hackensack, NJ, Englewood, NJ, Boca Raton, FL, and Spring Valley, NY.

Jupiter, FL CC BY-SA 4.0

Diverse Suburban Jewish Centers Characteristics

States with Diverse Suburban Jewish Centers

Monthly Averages of Incidents in Diverse Suburban Jewish Centers

Kinds of Incidents in Diverse Suburban Jewish Centers

Involvement in Diverse Suburban Jewish Centers

Mid-Sized City Republicans Title

Mid-Sized City Republicans

Mid-Sized City Republicans

Mid-Sized City Republicans are similar to the more populous Big Cities in that they are characterized primarily by high populations and relatively low median income, but politically they lean Republican. Mid-Sized City Republicans can be situated within a larger metropolitan area or stand alone outside of larger metropolitan areas.

Some examples of Mid-Sized City Republicans include Charleston, SC, Altamonte Springs, FL, Reading, PA, and Virginia Beach, VA.

Reading, PA CC BY-SA 2.0

Mid-Sized City Republicans Characteristics

States with Mid-Sized City Republicans

Monthly Averages of Incidents in Diverse Suburban Jewish Centers

Kinds of Incidents in Mid-Sized City Republicans

Involvement in Mid-Sized City Republicans

Small Town Democrats Title

Small Town Democrats

Small Town Democrats

Small Town Democrats are characterized primarily by a rural setting, low populations, low diversity levels, a relatively low median income, and politically Democratic. Many Small Town Democrats are resort towns. Most Small Town Democrats can be found in New England and the Upper Midwest.

Some examples of Small Town Democrats include Danville, AR, Morristown, VT, Cairo, GA, and Milton, WI.

Aspen, CO CC BY-SA 4.0

Small Town Democrats Characteristics

States with Small Town Democrats

Monthly Averages of Incidents in Small Town Democrats

Kinds of Incidents in Small Town Democrats

Involvement in Small Town Democrats

Suburban Jewish Centers Title

Suburban Jewish Centers

Suburban Jewish Centers

Suburban Jewish Centers are characterized primarily by very high Jewish infrastructure levels, high income levels, and relatively low levels of diversity. Suburban Jewish Centers are on the East Coast and Midwest as part of larger metropolitan areas.

Some examples of Suburban Jewish Centers include Lexington, MA, Oakland, NJ, Emerson, NJ, and Sudbury, MA.

Newtown, PA CC BY-SA 4.0

Suburban Jewish Centers Characteristics

States with Suburban Jewish Centers

Monthly Averages of Incidents in Suburban Jewish Centers

Kinds of Incidents in Suburban Jewish Centers

Involvement in Suburban Jewish Centers

Wealthy Enclaves Title

Wealthy Enclaves

Wealthy Enclaves

Wealthy Enclaves are identified entirely by high median incomes. Wealthy Enclaves are scattered across the US as suburbs, exurbs, and more rural towns.

Some examples of Wealthy Enclaves include Montclair, NJ, Calabasas, CA, Burlingame, CA, and New Albany, OH.

Warren Township, NJ CC BY-SA 4.0

Wealthy Enclaves Characteristics

States with Wealthy Enclaves

Monthly Averages of Incidents in Wealthy Enclaves

Kinds of Incidents in Wealthy Enclaves

Involvement in Wealthy Enclaves

White Republicans Title

White Republicans

White Republicans

White Republicans are characterized primarily by low diversity levels and high levels of Republican affiliation. White Republicans are scattered across the US as cities, suburbs, exurbs, and more rural towns.

Some examples of White Republicans include Mount Washington, KY, Loch Arbour Village, NJ, Hanover, NJ, and Stanhope, NJ.

Scottsdale, AZ CC BY-SA 3.0

White Republicans Characteristics

States with White Republicans

Monthly Averages of Incidents in White Republicans

Kinds of Incidents in White Republicans

Involvement in White Republicans

White Suburbs Title

White Suburbs

White Suburbs

White Suburbs are characterized by low diversity levels and are predominantly white. White Suburbs are scattered across the US as small cities, suburbs, exurbs, and villages.

Some examples of White Suburbs include Buellton, CA, Germantown, TN, Lakewood, OH, and Newington, CT.

Burlington, VT CC BY-SA 4.0

White Suburbs Characteristics

States with White Suburbs

Monthly Averages of Incidents in White Suburbs

Kinds of Incidents in White Suburbs

Involvement in White Suburbs

Sundown Status and Historical Legacies

Sundown Status

Communities Identified with Sundown Legacies

States with Sundown Communities

Sundown Communities are also…

Characteristics of Sundown Communities

What They’re About

Who Is Involved?

Incidents Title

Incidents

When Do They Take Place?

Cumulative Incident Count

Table of Incidents

What They’re About

Who Is Involved?

Geography Title

Geography

Geographic Distribution of Communities

State-by-State Distributions of Communities Overall

Table of Communities

Regional Distribution

Factors Title

Factors

Description of Factors

In identifying the ten community types, the following scales were used:

• Community Landscape Scale: An indication of what the community “looks like,” based on a combination of the US Department of Agriculture-designated Rural Urban Continuum Code (RUCC) and the US Housing and Urban Development algorithm-derived Urbanization Perceptions Small Area Index (UPSAI). The Community Landscape Scale is calculated at the municipal level. The Community Landscape Scale is a number between 0 and 1, with more urban places closer to 0 and more rural places closer to 1.
• Diversity Level Scale: An indication of the diversity of the community, based on an ecological diversity measure making use of racial and ethnic data from the US Census Bureau. The Diversity Level Scale is calculated at the municipal level. The Diversity Level Scale is a number between 0 and 1, with more diverse places closer to 1 and less diverse places closer to 0.
• Median Income Scale: An indication of the wealth of the community, making use of median income data from the US Census Bureau. The Median Income Scale is calculated at the municipal level. The Median Income Scale is a number between 0 and 1, with wealthier places closer to 1 and poorer places closer to 0.
• Jewish Infrastructure Scale: An indication of the Jewish community structures in place in the community, based on a combination of the presence or absence of a Jewish Federation, status as a Network Community, location of a Jewish Community Relations Council (JCRC), and the percentage of the population of the county that is estimated to be Jewish. The Jewish Infrastructure Scale is calculated at the county level. The Jewish Infrastructure Scale is a number between -1 and 1, with more established Jewish infrastructure closer to 1 and less established Jewish infrastructure closer to -1.
• Political Scale: An indication of the political preferences of the community, based on a calculation of partisan lean over time and a calculation of presidential election volatility over time. The Political Scale is calculated at the county level. The Political Scale is a number between -1 and 1, with more Republican areas closer to 1 and more Democratic areas closer to -1.
• Population Level Scale: An indication of the population of the community, based on US Census data. Population is divided into 10 categories. The Population Level Scale is calculated at the municipal level. The Population Level Scale is a number between 0 and 1, with more populous places closer to 1 and less populous places closer to 0.
• Sundown Scale: An indication of the historical legacy of exclusion and oppression, based on the combination of identification as a historical sundown town, presence of a sign indicating sundown town status, presence of municipal ordinances codifying the community as a sundown town, confirmation as a sundown town, and present status as a sundown town. The Sundown Scale is calculated at the municipal level. The Sundown Scale is a number between 0 and 1, with stronger sundown town legacies closer to 1 and weaker sundown town legacies closer to 0.

Combination of Factors

Contributing Factors to Community Types

Table of Community Types

Factors By Community